Prof. Fazio Giuseppe – Misure elettriche uniroma2

Programma del corso:

1. CENNI SU ANALISI DEL SEGNALE: generalità su: DFT, FFT, risoluzione in frequenza, finestrazione (Hanning, flat top, ecc), medie, auto e cross correlazione, coerenza
2. Conversione A/D
-teorema del campionamento, filtro antialiasing, sovracampionamento, noise shaping
-sistemi di acquisizione, schema a blocchi
-convertitori A/D, caratteristiche, schemi
-sample & hold, caratteristiche, schemi, porta di campionamento a diodi,
-multiplexer, caratteristiche, schemi
-tipi di convertitore A/D, doppia rampa, approssimazioni successive, flash, convertitori sigma-delta
-convertitori D/A, caratteristiche, tipi, schemi
-convertitori tensione frequenza: caratteristiche, schemi
3. Problemi di interconnessione, richiami sulle linee di trasmissione, fenomeno del ground loop, schema di collegamento tra sorgente e strumento, attenuatori di ingresso, partitori, compensazione
4. Sorgenti di disturbo, tipi di accoppiamento (tratto di circuito comune, differenza di potenziale tra le terre, accoppiamento dovuto a mutue induttanze, accoppiamento dovuto a capacità parassite, accoppiamento elettromagnetico), tensione di rumore di modo normale e di modo comune, cmr nmr, metodi per ridurre il rumore di modo comune, guardie, metodi per ridurre il rumore di modo normale
5. Stadi di ingresso, amplificatore operazionale e suo utilizzo, amplificatore per strumentazione I.A., amplificatore chopper, amplificatore ad isolamento, amplificatore a capacità vibrante
6. Trasduttori, generalità, caratteristiche, prestazioni dinamiche, affidabilità, principi fisici, trasduttori più comuni.

1. RICHIAMI DI TEORIA DEGLI ERRORI
2. VOLTMETRI: a valor medio, di picco, picco picco, RMS …
3. OSCILLOSCOPIO: tubo a raggi catodici cannone, sistema di deflessione, banda passante della struttura di deflessione,-oscilloscopi a raggi catodici in tempo reale, schema a blocchi, caratteristiche, canale orizzontale, schema a blocchi, base tempi, generatore impulsi di sincronismo, circuito di hold off, amplificatore orizzontale, canale verticale, schema a blocchi, caratteristiche, linea di ritardo, oscilloscopi doppia traccia, alternate, chopped, descrizione comandi, esercitazioni pratiche.
4. OSCILLOSCOPI A CAMPIONAMENTO: campionamento coerente, porta di campionamento, canale orizzontale, canale verticale
5. OSCILLOSCOPI A MEMORIA DIGITALE: caratteristiche schemi a blocchi.
6. PROBE di tensione e di corrente attivi e passivi -sonde realizzate con elementi attivi
7. VOLTMETRI elettronici analogici, a larga banda, selettivi, logaritmici, a banda pesata
8. NETWORK ANALYZER caratteristiche, principi di funzionamento, schemi a blocchi, esercitazioni pratiche
9. ANALIZZATORI DI SPETTRO caratteristiche principi di funzionamento schemi a blocchi carta di accordo analizzatori a conversioni multiple cenni sui filtri YIG esempi applicativi esercitazioni pratiche
10. CONTATORI misuratori frequenza periodo intervallo tra eventi oscillatori tipi stabilità a breve e lungo termine contatori reciproci
11. ANALIZZATORE DI STATI caratteristiche principi di funzionamento schemi a blocchi esempi applicativi esercitazioni pratiche
12. TESTER PER CIRCUITI INTEGRATI
13. SISTEMI DI SVILUPPO PER MICROPROCESSORI
14. SISTEMI COMPLESSI DI MISURA
15. 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**** PARTE 1

Descrizione dei sistemi programmabili

Schema a blocchi di una CPU e principi di funzionamento

Schema a blocchi di un DSP e principi di funzionamento

Esempio di una scheda di valutazione di un DSP (AD2181)

Semplici applicazioni di un DSP
 

**** PARTE 2

Principi di funzionamento di un ecografo

                FINALITA’

Nella prima parte il corso si prefigge l’obbiettivo di far toccare agli studenti un sistema con DSP (digital signal processing), parte attualmente integrante la maggioranza dei sistemi diagnostici.

Alcune esercitazioni fanno sì che gli studenti acquistino confidenza anche con il lato pratico di un sistema.

Durante lo svolgimento di questa parte si  faranno riferimenti generali ai sistemi di acquisizione in modo da far meglio assimilare le nozioni precedentemente esposte nel primo esame.

Nella seconda parte si approfondirà la conoscenza della struttura di un ecografo.

**** PARTE 1

1. RICHIAMI DI TEORIA DEGLI ERRORI

 2. CENNI SU ANALISI DEL SEGNALE:  generalità su: DFT, FFT, risoluzione in frequenza, finestrazione (Hanning, flat top, ecc), medie, auto e cross correlazione, coerenza

             3. Conversione A/D

                -teorema del campionamento, filtro antialiasing, sovracampionamento, noise shaping

                -sistemi di acquisizione, schema a blocchi

                -convertitori A/D, caratteristiche

                -sample & hold, caratteristiche

               -multiplexer, caratteristiche

                -tipi di convertitore A/D, doppia rampa, approssimazioni successive, flash, convertitori sigma-delta

                -convertitori tensione frequenza: caratteristiche

             4. Problemi di interconnessione, richiami sulle linee di trasmissione, fenomeno del ground loop, schema di collegamento tra sorgente e strumento, attenuatori di ingresso, partitori, compensazione

              5. Sorgenti di disturbo, tipi di accoppiamento (tratto di circuito comune, differenza di potenziale tra le terre, accoppiamento dovuto a mutue induttanze, accoppiamento dovuto a capacità parassite, accoppiamento elettromagnetico), tensione di rumore di modo normale e di modo comune, cmr nmr, metodi per ridurre il rumore di modo comune, guardie, metodi per ridurre il rumore di modo normale 

5. Stadi di ingresso, amplificatore operazionale e suo utilizzo, amplificatore per strumentazione I.A., amplificatore chopper, amplificatore ad isolamento, amplificatore a capacità vibrante

            6. Trasduttori, generalità, caratteristiche, prestazioni dinamiche, affidabilità, principi fisici, trasduttori più comuni

**** PARTE 2

APPARATI

1. Cenni di analisi dell’immagine
2. Elettrodi
3. Trasformata di Radon (TAC)
4. Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare
5. Scintigrafia (PET, SPET)
6. Ecografi